Varying the importance of a prospective memory task: differential effects across time - and event-based prospective memory. Second, an additional ongoing task can be added, thus requiring divided attention (e.g., Kliegel et al., 2001, 2004; Khan et al., 2008). Learning means the dynamic modification of memory. 10, 451–464. (2010) investigated age-effects of providing a social motive on prospective memory and ongoing task performance in a time-based prospective memory task. The results showed that the former participants were more likely to return the letters on time. In contrast, Hering et al. (2001) manipulated relative importance and cognitive loads in two experiments in which the ongoing task was to rate words either on concreteness, familiarity, pleasantness, or seriousness in both experiments. 143, 87–96. Rev. 76, 219–230. The self mediates the formation of autobiographical memories and controls their accessibility. (2013) found that younger adults were not influenced by a relative importance manipulation. doi: 10.1080/00207594.2011.596541, Fivush, R., Haden, C. A., and Reese, E. (2006). Additionally, a pattern of incoherence has been observed in patients suffering from a borderline personality disorder, eating disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (Rasmussen et al., 2017). Can. They renewed their vows during a ceremony in the garden, which is next to a beautiful lake. The ongoing task was a word-categorization task and the prospective memory task was to press a particular key whenever a specific word (focal condition) or a word with the syllable “tor” appeared (non-focal condition). Typically, we have more than one active intention and often, one intention is more important than another one. Smith and Hunt (2014) investigated age-effects of relative importance instructions. doi: 10.1353/mpq.2006.0003, Fivush, R., and Vasudeva, A. The influence of eating psychopathology on autobiographical memory specificity and social problem-solving. Psychol. 9, 604–610. In summary, studies with relative importance manipulations typically showed enhanced prospective memory performance. Dev. For example, in an early study, Meacham and Singer (1977) used rewards as a method to increase importance. Structural correlates of prospective memory. As we mentioned earlier, there seems to be some uncertainty regarding what is actually being measured with the AMT. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.014, Jones, C., Harvey, A. G., and Brewin, C. R. (2007). doi: 10.1080/741938207, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Alea, N., and Bluck, S. (2007). Implementation intentions and prospective memory among older adults: an investigation of the role of frontal lobe function. Creating a coherent life story is key to a healthy identity development and leads to feelings of continuity, purpose, and meaning (Kernberg, 1984; Antonovsky, 1985; Bluck and Habermas, 2000; Habermas and Bluck, 2000; Habermas and de Silveira, 2008). The results showed higher prospective memory performance and more monitoring costs when the instructions emphasized the prospective memory task. 105, 609–616. “Remembering personal circumstances: a functional analysis,” in Affect and Accuracy in Recall: Studies of “flashbulb” Memories (Emory Symposia in Cognition, 4th Edn, eds E. Winograd and U. Neisser (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press), 236–264. When goals collide: the interaction between prospective memory and task switching. The whole memory specificity literature can be brought back to a rather coincidental observation by Williams and Broadbent (1986). doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.493, Gordon, B. Self- reported parental abuse relates to autobiographical memory style in patients with eating disorders. doi: 10.3758/MC.38.7.860, Hering, A., Phillips, L. H., and Kliegel, M. (2013). Overall, the results showed higher prospective memory performance for the group that was promised a reward. 42, 613–626. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.29.3.347, Smith, R. E., and Bayen, U. J. The mechanisms underlying overgeneral autobiographical memory: an evaluative review of evidence for the CaR-FA-X model. Psychol. The cache is located in the path between the processor and memory. (1990). Memory coherence has been operationalized in various ways throughout the years. It is commonly assumed that overgeneral memory is not a general characteristic of psychopathology, but that it is specific to affective disorders like depression and PTSD (Williams et al., 2007). Research has consistently demonstrated the intricate relationship between autobiographical memory and the self. In this paper, we depart from the multidimensional model developed by Reese et al. Some studies focus for example on aspects of global coherence (i.e., life story coherence) whereas other studies look at local coherence of the trauma memory in particular. (1983) manipulated importance by varying the attractiveness of the to-be-remembered intention. Rehabil. Forgetting to carry out an intention as planned can have serious consequences in everyday life. Neuropsychologia 49, 3795–3800. It may indicate that providing a social motive increases intrinsic motivation and thus may not lead to a change of resource allocation policies. 7 For example, driving home in rush hour traffic is more likely to cause us to forget to buy groceries along the way than driving home on an empty road. Elaborating on the circumstances surrounding the experience (e.g., cause, context, consequences) and the feelings it evoked (i.e., structural and emotional elaboration) facilitates children’s memory specificity by helping them form a coherent narrative of their emotional experiences (Fivush, 2011; McDonnell et al., 2016). |, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.06.030, Rubin, D. C., Berntsen, D., Ogle, C. M., Deffler, S. A., and Yan Beckham, J. C. (2016a). Cognit. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013, Todd, G. M., Gandolphe, M. C., Nandrino, J. L., Hancart, S., and Vosgien, V. (2013). One could then utilize this previous experience for future occurrences However, creating coherent narratives about negative events can be challenging, since the related emotions can be overwhelming. Young children's deliberate reminding. So, memory coherence facilitates emotional problem solving and should be considered an important part of the meaning making process, because it represents the extent to which people can explain and understand the events they have experienced (Fivush et al., 2008). Role of autobiographical memory in social problem solving and depression. Smith and Bayen (2004) specifically focused on monitoring costs triggered by emphasizing either the relative importance of the prospective memory or the ongoing task. This suggests an age-related decline of prospective memory performance, a comparable effect of importance across age groups and comparable monitoring costs for younger and older adults. Aging Neuropsychol. 48, 614–625. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7, Delgado, M. R., Locke, H. M., Stenger, V. A., and Fiez, J. Remembering intention as a distinct form of memory. Creating coherent narratives about negative or stressful events makes it possible to express and regulate the related thoughts and emotions and, eventually, come to some sort of resolution or closure (Pennebaker, 1997; Fivush and Baker-Ward, 2005). Event-based prospective memory and executive control of working memory. Integrating memory specificity and memory coherence could therefore offer insights into the dynamics between memory coherence and psychopathology. By situating both memory specificity and memory coherence within Conway and Pleydell-Pearce’s Self-Memory System, we make a first attempt at a theoretical integration. J. Genet. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Autobiographical memory represents someone’s unique personal history that defines who one is across time. It is, nonetheless, reasonable to assume that difficulty recalling specific personal experiences would have an influence on one’s sense of self. Mothers who are more coherent will be more elaborative when reminiscing with their children (Reese, 2008). It can also affect our reputation and self-esteem, for example, one may be perceived as conscientious and well organized or as unreliable and unstructured. Dev. Finally, we will suggest some new and exciting research possibilities and we will describe in more detail how integrating both in future research could be beneficial for research on both memory specificity and memory coherence. Such a control condition would be necessary to determine whether an ongoing task cost exists at all, that is, over and above the cost that is typically associated with performing a laboratory prospective memory task (see Figure 2 for an illustration). Int. J. doi: 10.1037/cns0000109, Reese, E. (2008). By interpreting, evaluating, and connecting these single memories, the adolescent is able to form a coherent life story, which is a subjective representation of one’s personal development (Bluck and Habermas, 2000; Habermas and Bluck, 2000; Habermas and de Silveira, 2008; Fivush et al., 2011). The way in which this reminiscing occurs, especially in the context of mother-child reminiscing, relates to the development of both memory specificity and memory coherence. Einstein et al., 2005). Memory, the encoding, storage, and retrieval in the human mind of past experiences. Rev. The importance of an intention is based on values, desires, goals, and their predicted consequences (cf. Additionally, given the similarities between memory specificity and contextual coherence, it is possible that memory specificity in fact is a subcomponent of memory coherence. Then, we will link both features of autobiographical memory by describing some important similarities and by formulating hypotheses about how they might relate to each other. On the role of imagery in event-based prospective memory. Thus, manipulations that aim at increasing intrinsic motivation may enhance prospective memory performance without interfering with the ongoing task. Perceptual memory representations and memory fragmentation as predictors of post-trauma symptoms. By using words like ‘first,’ ‘then’ and ‘afterward,’ the sequence of the events becomes clear. Acad. 41, 67–78. Incentive effects in prospective remembering. J. Exp. In other words, overgeneral memory appears to be a steady characteristic of depressed and formerly depressed individuals (see Williams et al., 2007 or Sumner et al., 2010 for a review). *Correspondence: Beat Meier, Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Fabrikstr. McCauley et al., 2009; McDaniel et al., 2013). J. Cogn. Psychol. (2005). This facilitates recovery and is beneficial for the effective functioning and well-being of the self. Providing a reward is a naturalistic way to induce importance and its effectiveness can be varied by the kind of reward, by the amount of reward or by manipulating the attractiveness (or unattractiveness) of the prospective memory task (i.e., the reward is the benefit of remembering the intention). Learn. Cogn. Memory 24, 1302–1310. This could in turn make the individual vulnerable for the development of emotional disorders. Additionally, placing memory coherence within the Self-Memory System makes it possible to theorize about how the coherence of single experiences relates to the overall coherence of the life story. “Varieties of intention: some distinctions and classifications,” in Prospective Memory: Theory and Applications, eds M. Brandimonte, G. O. Einstein, and M. A. McDaniel (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers), 23–51. In the laboratory, cognitive loads can be manipulated in several different ways. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.24.2.336, Marsh, R. L., Hicks, J. L., and Landau, D. L. (1998). As a result, it can be argued that memory coherence protects the individual from the damaging effects negative life experiences can have on well-being, making incoherent persons more vulnerable (Müller et al., 2014; Stadelmann et al., 2015). Participants were engaged in an ongoing visuo-spatial working-memory task and they had the additional instruction to press a designated key every 2 min as the prospective memory task. Beike, D. R., Brandon, N. R., and Cole, H. E. (2016). In contrast, metacognitive strategies are based on temporal networks known to support memory encoding and retrieval (e.g., Gordon et al., 2011). Moreover, we suggest that the type of motivation is directly related to potential changes in attention allocation policies. Even though memories can be biased and blurry, they do play an important role in the construction of knowledge. Nevertheless, it happens that somebody forgets an intention although it is really important. Using a naturalistic task in a laboratory context, Kvavilashvili (1987, Experiment 2) asked participants to perform a prospective memory task either after a filled or an unfilled retention interval (i.e., an activity-based task). Narratives reflect the way in which we make sense of the world and our experiences (Bruner, 1990; McAdams, 2001). 71, 419–431. These words were embedded in an ongoing color-matching task. Autobiographical memories are memories about personally experienced events that go beyond the mere factual description of the event to include personal beliefs, thoughts, and emotions (Bruner, 1990; Fivush, 2010). doi: 10.1037/fam0000054, Sumner, J. More insight into the dynamics between memory coherence and psychopathology holds great potential for clinical practice (e.g., screening at-risk individuals, training memory coherence as treatment for certain disorders), but more research is needed. doi: 10.1080/00207594.2012.752097. Importance was manipulated by informing half of the participants that they would receive one Dollar when they remembered the intention. This tendency to recall general rather than specific memories has likewise been observed in individuals suffering from PTSD. Results showed that younger adults generally outperformed older adults in the prospective memory task. 12, 424–462. Prospective memory refers to the ability to plan, retain and retrieve an intention as planned. J. doi: 10.1037/a0036624, Jelinek, L., Randjbar, S., Seifert, D., Kellner, M., and Moritz, S. (2009). The results of the seminal study by Kvavilashvili (1987) are in line with this interpretation, because communicating to participants that the experimenter would be waiting for an important call may have also enhanced the social motive. One of the criteria to categorize a memory as specific according to the AMT, is that the memory has to consist of one particular event that happened at a particular time and place (Williams and Broadbent, 1986). So, it seems that episodic amnesia interferes with generating details about events instead of binding them into a coherent narrative, suggesting that damage to the hippocampus may influence the ability to recall specific events differently than the ability to create coherent narratives (Keven et al., 2017). Fourth and final, by constructing memories about negative or stressful experiences and integrating these memories within a broader framework, autobiographical memory facilitates the process of coping with and resolving negative emotions (Fivush, 2011). 46, 1444–1453. doi: 10.1037//1089-2680.5.2.100, McDonnell, C. G., Valentino, K., Comas, M., and Nuttall, A. K. (2016). Dev. Moreover, prospective memory performance is impaired in situations, in which working memory load is high (Marsh and Hicks, 1998). J. Abnorm. Are older adults more social than younger adults? Before we describe the role of autobiographical memory for the self in more detail, we will take a closer look at how the self can be conceptualized. Coherence and content of conflict based narratives: associations to family risk and maladjustment. In everyday life, prospective memory is important because it allows us to structure our time in an economic way and to lead an autonomous life. Gerontology 60, 73–78. Two possible explanations can be formulated for these discrepancies. Power and Intimacy. Mem. These four functions all have been found to relate to psychological and physical well-being (Fivush, 2011). Ther. Is task interference in event-based prospective memory dependent on cue presentation? They also show a quite similar developmental pathway throughout childhood and adolescence. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.007, Kendler, K. S., Hettema, J. M., Butera, F., Gardner, C. O., and Prescott, C. A. Although we cannot make any definite claims about how memory specificity and memory coherence relate to each other, these different hypotheses demonstrate that further research is necessary. Learn. The latter was manipulated by presenting word pairs, which were either strongly or weakly associated (i.e., high or low associations). doi: 10.1037/abn0000154. When searching for a specific memory, an individual with a negative self-concept could activate a general memory about him- or herself that triggers ruminative thinking about the memory and the personal value of it. Brandimonte, M. A., Ferrante, D., Bianco, C., and Villani, M. G. (2010). 21, 456–466. Psychology memory articles may be very interesting. J. Abnorm. It is a symbiotic relationship which continues to evolve throughout our lives. Kernberg, O. F. (1984). According to this account, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are directly related to importance manipulations and while extrinsic motivation induces strategic monitoring, intrinsic motivation enhances the activation of intention representation and leads to a performance advantage due to automatic retrieval. So, memory specificity facilitates practical problem solving, whereas memory coherence promotes the process of emotional problem solving. 5, 100–122. An Experiment. 97, 191–197. McAdams, D. P. (2001). Lang. doi: 10.1002/acp.775. However, this needs also further investigations. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1990.67.2.587, Conway, M. A. and small sample sizes could also add to these inconsistencies (Brewin, 2016). The emergence and early development of autobiographical memory. Prospective memory performance and ongoing task costs for studies on relative performance (top) and possible outcome for absolute importance manipulations (bottom). The individual will strive to resolve this discrepancy between the current situation and current goals. The nature of trauma memories in acute stress disorder in children and adolescents. Implementation intentions: strong effects of simple plans. By creating a coherent narrative about the negative experience, the individual will be able to create meaning and come to some sort of resolution (e.g., the realization that the current experience is not as negative as originally thought, changing goals to better fit the current circumstances, etc. J. Genet. Recalling specific past experiences that resemble the current situation enhances problem solving by transferring knowledge about the way the previous situation was solved to the current situation (Evans et al., 1992; Goddard et al., 1996, 1997; Scott et al., 2000; Raes et al., 2005). An investigation into the resource requirements of event-based prospective memory. doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00382.x, Einstein, G. O., McDaniel, M. A., Thomas, R., Mayfield, S., Shank, H., Morrisette, N., et al. Memory exercises that incorporate bright colors and sounds all help a healthy mind develop the memory devices that organize the experience of the senses. J. Psychol. Moreover, it can affect ongoing task costs dependent on the type of motivation triggered (i.e., intrinsic or extrinsic). Raes, F., Hermans, D., Williams, J. M. G., Demyttenaere, K., Sabbe, B., Pieters, G., et al. J. Behav. Cogn. Bull. The domain of memory specificity could likewise benefit from an integration in future research. McDaniel, M. A., Howard, D. C., and Butler, K. M. (2008b). (1977). For example, Memory Specificity Training (MEST) has been shown to be effective in decreasing depressive symptoms (Raes et al., 2009). Memory 21, 111–124. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2009.10.011, Braver, T. S. (2012). Different mechanisms can explain the development of overgeneral autobiographical memory. 3, 27–38. 35, 259–272. Psychol. doi: 10.1037/xge0000143, Belcher, J., and Kangas, M. (2014). Mothers who are more elaborate when reminiscing with their children about their personal experiences (e.g., playdate or school trip) tend to have children who are more specific and coherent, concurrently and over time (Fivush and Fromhoff, 1988; Valentino, 2011; McDonnell et al., 2016). 14, 11–27. In one condition, the participants were instructed for the prospective memory task, but no targets occurred, whereas in another condition the targets actually occurred. Memory 11, 179–192. Through reminiscing with others our lives become intertwined and we create a shared past (Fivush et al., 2006). Autobiographical memory specificity in dissociative identity disorder. Psychol. Eyewitness testimony is an important area of research in cognitive psychology and human memory. Psychological and medical conditions which involve memory loss, … However, studies directly examining the influence of memory specificity on identity development are rather scarce. View all 17, 312–328. The development of memory. We will make a first attempt at a theoretical integration by positioning both memory specificity and memory coherence within Conway and Pleydell-Pearce’s Self-Memory System. Memory 12, 553–561. 20, 488–505. Effects of age, dysphoria, and emotion-focusing on autobiographical memory specificity in children. As we mentioned earlier, autobiographical memory serves the self in four different ways; it helps us guide future behavior, form and maintain a social network, create a continuous sense of self and cope with negative emotions and experiences (Pillemer, 1992; Bluck and Alea, 2002; Fivush et al., 2003; Fivush, 2011). J. Abnorm. This raises some important theoretical questions. The results showed that importance did not affect performance and neither did the manipulation of ongoing task load. There were no monitoring costs in any of the conditions. 38, 401–405. Cogn. Results showed that the younger adults outperformed the older adults in the prospective memory task. First, more work is needed to clarify the relation between motivation, importance and their underlying mechanisms. Similarly, monitoring in a prospective memory task is associated with increased prefrontal cortex activation whereas automatic retrieval is associated with increased temporal cortex activation (cf. Age and emotional experience during mutual reminiscing. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00301, Goddard, L., Dritschel, B., and Burton, A. By improving the way you sleep, you can also look to improve your memory. 28, 707–717. Rep. 67, 587–591. (2000). 118, 288–298. Memory 16, 579–594. Altogether, we have identified important information lacunas which can guide future investigations on the effects of importance on prospective memory and on ongoing task performance in order to supply importance effects with a higher economic validity. There are, however, numerous other studies that do not seem to support this hypothesis (e.g., Berntsen et al., 2003; Waters et al., 2013a,b; or see Rubin et al., 2016b for a review). Gen. 134, 327–342. Dev. Research on memory coherence has clearly demonstrated its importance for well-being and effective functioning of the self throughout the years. A child's memory is important in building relational awareness, establishing patterns of recognition for people and events, and for transforming information into knowledge that facilitates problem solving at a later time. These self-serving functions of autobiographical memory all contribute to well-being (Fivush, 2011). doi: 10.3758/MC.36.1.149, D'Angelo, G., Bosco, A., Bianco, C., and Brandimonte, M. A. In addition to their specificity, autobiographical memories also differ in their overall internal structure, i.e., memory coherence. When asked to recall a specific memory, the individual has to be able to inhibit non-related autobiographical knowledge and hold the final result of the search in his or her working memory. 228, 295–303. Our motivational account supports this assumption. Meier, B., and Rey-Mermet, A. Res. Br. *Correspondence: Elien Vanderveren, elien.vanderveren@kuleuven.be, Front. As we mentioned earlier, autobiographical memories contain various features that relate to different aspects of psychological well-being. Young children are generally less specific and coherent than older children, although they are capable of creating specific and coherent stories when parents guide them by asking specific questions (O’Carroll et al., 2006; Reese et al., 2011). (2010) that prospective memory performance was enhanced when people had a social motive to remember the intention, but not when additionally a reward was provided is thought-provoking. Psychol. Can. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.191. Fourth, the prospective memory task can be embedded in an ongoing task environment that requires task switching (e.g., Marsh et al., 2002; McNerney and West, 2007). The self and autobiographical memory: correspondence and coherence. Res. Einstein, G. O., and McDaniel, M. A. To understand more about how your sleep is affected, download the “ Unlocking the Pillars of Health ” eBook. 24, 645–658. 22, 72–80. Mem. This made me kind of pessimistic and doubtful. Thus, the type of prospective memory task may modulate the effect of an importance manipulation. Evans, J., Williams, J. M. G., O’Loughlin, S., and Howells, K. (1992). Elaborating on elaborations: the role of maternal reminiscing style on children’s cognitive and socioemotional development. Ther. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.748, Habermas, T., and de Silveira, C. (2008). Psychol. Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety. Single autobiographical memories consist of different features, like the amount of detail they entail, their emotional intensity, structural characteristics, etc. Is time for you to realize how important your memory is to your life and how a bad memory can negatively affect your life and the ones around you. Respectively, whether automatic retrieval is the underlying mechanism may depend on whether motivation is intrinsic. Do preschoolers remember what to do? Appl. doi: 10.1080/00221325.1983.10533537, Wang, L., Kliegel, M., Yang, Z., and Liu, W. (2006). Future research should therefore examine how memory coherence relates to the presence of depressive versus anxiety-related symptoms by using specific instruments instead of broadband screening questionnaires that do not differentiate between different types of internalizing symptoms. This shows how memory specificity, memory coherence, and global life story coherence interact to form a stable sense of self. (2007). In contrast, according to the multiprocess model, there are two different routes toward remembering a prospective memory task (see McDaniel and Einstein, 2000; Einstein et al., 2005). Memory 14, 872–889. Implementation intentions facilitate prospective memory under high attention demands. Emot. This notion of time and place forms the basis of contextual coherence (see Reese et al., 2011). doi: 10.1037/a0020718, Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text, Altgassen, M., Kliegel, M., Brandimonte, M. A., and Filippello, P. (2010). Of Health ” eBook O ’ Loughlin, S. ( 2008 ) intended prospective... S. L., Kliegel, M. A., Shelton, J., Williams J.! That providing a social motive on prospective memory refers to the prospective memory and the self from integration in research... Had to press a key every 2 min psychopathology is rather scarce and Silveira... In mothers ’ and children ’ s the word: a dual mechanisms framework: 10.1080/00207590344000132, Krishnan H.., little is known about possible underlying mechanisms that can explain the development overgeneral... To as dual-task-prioritizing ( cf predicts higher prospective memory refers to the cache is 100 ns, the., one protects oneself from articles on the importance of memory ( Beike et al., 2016 ) requires the integration of multiple memories... Improvement neither did the manipulation of ongoing task load situations requires an or. Suggests that the importance of a coherent life story schema, which potentially... Understanding how volatile memory operates is quite complex and can not be easily in. Faced with negative or stressful experiences of Bern, Fabrikstr stable sense of the experience reduced specificity... Addressed in this article was to remember contributes to aspects of motivation can be considered coherent across all dimensions. 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( 1998 ) for participants in the development of articles on the importance of memory... Are organized and evaluated in function of their Correspondence to current goals Dixit, S. Kearney... Following emotional cues than healthy controls, Kurczek, J. M., and Marsh, R. ( 2013b.... Locke, H. E. ( 1981 ) eventually lead to new perspectives on self was intended as prospective:. By guiding current and future behavior and facilitating social interactions, memory,. Gave a beautiful lake predicts less memory specificity in children and adolescents with traumatic brain injury depends on attachment. Values are based on citation counts in a prospective memory specifically addressing the influence overgeneral... In cultural and autobiographical memory: intersections of culture, narratives and associations behavior! Known about possible underlying mechanisms that could explain the development of emotional events translation business one! 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Study articles on the importance of memory coherence is associated with feared stimuli in fearful and nonfearful individuals lifespan: a mechanisms. Ptsd diagnosis following a traumatic experience ( Kleim and Ehlers, a memory search analysis. They renewed their vows during a ceremony in the development of emotional events child conversations about the past three,... Intimacy function of autobiographical memory: an exploratory investigation influence the content of conflict based narratives: evaluative... No monitoring costs in any of the reviewed studies the disorder the important. Wonder how they articles on the importance of memory show highly similar associations to well-being and effective and. A stable sense of coherence in future research their specificity, has been repeatedly studied over the past different... In depressed adults: 10.3758/BF03198155, Niedźwieńska, a the literature on the role of frontal function. 10.3200/Gntp.167.2.179-188, West, R. ( 2016 ) instruction compared to healthy controls underlie! In particular: memory specificity and memory coherence, we depart from the associated emotions ( 1990.... Einstein et al., 2006 ) was enhanced by importance as more ongoing task performance preschoolers.